INTRODUCTION TO MOODLE

Defining Electronics and Electrical Systems

Electronics and Electrical Systems are two related but distinct fields. These branches of engineering and technology involve the design and application of devices and systems that use electric currents, fields, or charges. Before going further, it's best to understand fundamental terms in this context:

• Current: The flow of electrons in a conductor.
• Field: The space in the surrounding of a charged particle where it exerts a force.
• Voltage: The force that pushes the current through the conductor.
• Resistance: The opposition to the flow of current through a conductor.

What are Electronics and Electrical Systems?

Electronics and Electrical Systems come into play every time you switch on a light, charge your phone, or use your laptop. They govern how electricity flows and is manipulated to accomplish a myriad of tasks. To clarify, here’s an example:

The Physics of Electronics and Electrical Systems

The Physics governing Electronics and Electrical Systems is quite extensive and can be explored through various laws and principles. Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws, for instance, explain how electric current behaves within a circuit. The operation of semiconductors, transistors, and diodes – essential components in many electronic devices – is assured by Quantum Mechanics laws, specifically the particle-wave duality of electrons. Below is a small snippet explaining the prominent "Ohm's Law":

The Role of Physics in Electronics and Electrical Systems

Physics is pivotal to the understanding and implementation of both Electronics and Electrical Systems. From the basic understanding of electrons and their properties to advanced principles like Electromagnetic Theory and Quantum Mechanics, Physics forms the foundational basis. Concepts such as impedance, reactance, and resonance in AC circuits or the functioning of oscillators, amplifiers, and modulators in radio and TV communication systems are all whisked from the magical hat of Physics. To illustrate the broad application of Physics in electronics, consider the operation of a mobile phone - As you explore deeper into the subject, you will get a clearer picture of how wide and diverse the field of Electronics and Electrical Systems is, just waiting for you to illuminate its corners.

Delving into Examples of Electronics and Electrical Systems

To understand exactly how integral electronics and electrical systems are in our daily lives, it's helpful to take a look at concrete examples. These range from the device you're reading this article on, to the various appliances and gadgets you interact with on a regular basis.

Everyday Electronics and Electrical Systems Examples

Electronics and electrical systems are quite literally everywhere you look. From the moment you wake up to your alarm going off (an electronic device), to making your morning coffee (an electrical system) or browsing the internet (a combination of electronic devices and systems), you interact with these systems throughout your day.

Practical and Common Examples of Electronics and Electrical Systems

You can find electronics and electrical systems in many different engineering disciplines, as well as day-to-day items. These examples can help demystify these essential systems: Here, you can see a clear division between the larger scale 'electrical' aspects and the smaller, more intricate 'electronic' aspects. Both are crucial to the operation of various systems and devices you encounter daily, from transportation to entertainment, communication to cooking. As such, a deeper understanding of these interwoven fields can help you appreciate and maybe contribute to the technological wonders that continue to shape our world.

Grasping the Principles of Electronics and Electrical Systems

To be able to understand Electronics and Electrical Systems, you should first become familiar with their integral principles. These principles give you a solid grounding in the concepts underlying many everyday devices and industry applications. Moreover, as you delve into these principles, you'll start to appreciate the ingenuity and precision involved in electronics and electrical design and manipulation.

Basic Principles of Electronics and Electrical Systems

At the heart of every device that uses electrical energy and every system that manipulates electrical signals lie fundamental principles emanating from mathematics, physics, and materials science. These principles guide the operation of everything from simple circuits to complex electronic systems. Mathematically, Ohm's Law is expressed as�=��where:

• � is the voltage across the conductor, measured in volts (V)
• � is the current flowing through the conductor, measured in amperes (A), and
• � is the resistance, measured in ohms (Ω).

Semiconductor devices, the heart of modern electronics, are governed by: Transistors, which amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power, operate according to:

Core Principles Behind Electronics and Electrical Systems

These principles can be treated as rules that electrical currents and voltages follow under different circumstances. Regardless of the complexity of an electrical or electronic system, these principles lead the way. For electronics, you'd find, aside from the aforementioned diode and transistor principles: For electrical systems, aside from Ohm's and Kirchhoff's Laws, you have: Arming yourself with an understanding of these principles will enable you to understand, design, and troubleshoot both simple and complex electronics and electrical systems, be it for your DIY electronics project or your professional engineering career.

Distinguishing between Electrical System and Electronics System

On the surface, electrical systems and electronics systems might sound like different ways of saying the same thing. After all, both involve the manipulation and transportation of electrical energy. However, the underlying principles, hardware, applications, and even the academic and industrial divisions between the two make a clear distinction necessary. Although they operate hand in hand in many devices and complex systems, understanding their unique features and functions will help to demarcate the boundary separating them.

Comparison: Electrical System vs Electronics System

An electrical system primarily involves the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. It's all about engineering systems to deliver electrical power safely from the point of generation to the point of consumption. Examples of electrical systems you interact with daily include power generating stations, transformers, and the complex grid of electrical wiring in your home or workplace. These are the backbone of the modern world, supplying necessary power to cities, industries, and homes. The fundamental laws governing electrical systems are rooted in classical electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations among others. On the other hand, electronics deal with the manipulation and control of this electrical energy. The focus here is on using electricity to convey information, such as in a computer, or to interpret and respond to information, such as in a sensor. Electronics lean heavily on quantum mechanics, specifically semiconductor physics. Notable examples include integrated circuits, microprocessors, sensors, and displays. From your mobile phone to your car's engine control unit, electronic systems enrich our lives with connectivity, entertainment, automation and much more.

Contrasting Features of Electrical System and Electronics System

Here are some key features that contrast electrical systems and electronics systems and highlight their unique attributes:

• Power vs Information: Electrical systems are primarily concerned with the transportation, distribution, and supply of high voltage power without concern for signal content. Electronics systems, on the other hand, are more interested in the information content of electrical signals and process these signals to achieve specific outcomes.
• Component Level: At the component level, electrical systems deal with conductors, transformers, generators, and electric motors. In contrast, electronics widely use semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, besides capacitive, and inductive elements.
• Operating Voltage: Electrical systems usually carry high voltage and high current, often in the range of thousands of volts and hundreds of amperes. Electronics, though, work with low voltage (often less than 24 Volts) and low current.
• Safety Measures: Given the high power involved, electrical systems need serious safety measures, such as grounding, insulation, fuses, and circuit breakers. On the other hand, electronic components are very delicate and can get easily damaged by slight power overload, static discharges, shorts or even incorrect polarity.
• Fault Diagnosis: Trouble in electrical systems is typically caused by open circuits, shorts, overloading, or physical wear and tear. In contrast, diagnostic of electronic systems often needs sophisticated equipment and trained professionals to identify and fix faults.
• Different Laws: Principles like Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s laws, and Faraday's laws apply to both fields. However, electrical systems predominantly apply in linear regions of these laws, while electronics exploit non-linear characteristics brought in by semiconductor devices.

So, the distinction between electronics and electrical systems is mostly in power levels, the kind of components and devices used, and the ultimate goal of power delivery versus signal processing or data transfer. Identifying these differences allows you to appreciate their historical separation of study and proper application of each in the real world.

Characteristics and Functions of Electronics and Electrical Systems

Characteristics and functions define the very essence of electronics and electrical systems. Understanding these features not only aids in proper usage and design of electronic and electrical gadgets, but also helps to appreciate the brilliant engineering that makes them function in such intriguing ways.

Identifying Characteristics of Electronics and Electrical Systems

A key step to understand electronics and electrical systems lies in recognising their characteristics. These traits dictate how they behave under different circumstances and in the face of varying input conditions.

Inherent Features of Electronics and Electrical Systems

Taking a deeper dive into the intrinsic features, electronic systems primarily revolve around components called semiconductors. Semiconductors have a unique ability, which lies between conductors and insulators. In other words, their conductivity, and hence their operation, can be controlled – a feature exploited by electronics to great advantages.

• Diodes: the most basic building block, allow current to flow in one direction, but blocks it in the other, due to their P-N junction characteristics.
• Transistors: include three-layers of materials, forming two P-N junctions. Transistors are used primarily for amplification or switching purposes.
• Integrated Circuitry: have taken miniaturisation to a new level, with full-fledged circuits including countless transistors and other elements like resistors, capacitors formed on a single silicon chip.

Electrical systems, on the other hand, deal mainly with affecting and harnessing electromagnetic fields for power delivery. The magnetic effects of electric currents are exploited to achieve this. For instance, current passing through a coil generates a magnetic field, which can then be used to induce electric current in another closeby coil – the principle behind transformers.

• Generators: use mechanical energy to induce electrical energy, converting rotational motion into an alternating current.
• Transformers: use two coils on a core to step-up or step-down voltages without changing frequency.
• Motors: convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, working on the forces experienced by current-carrying conductors in a magnetic field.

Examining the Function of Electronics and Electrical Systems

The underlying function of electronics and electrical systems serve specific yet interconnected purposes. While electrical systems are geared towards power generation and transmission, electronics aim at signal conditioning and control.

The Functional Role of Electronics and Electrical Systems

Digging further into the functional role, electronic systems can be classified based on their functions such as

• Computing Systems: Employ millions of transistors to carry out computation tasks, data storage, and retrieval at astonishing speeds.
• Communications Systems: Handle transmission and reception of information (voice, data, video) over distances using wired or wireless means.
• Control Systems: Use feedback loops to control processes, devices, or entire systems in a desired manner.
• Sensing and Measurement Systems: Capture physical phenomena like temperature, pressure, light, or sound and translate them into electrical signals.

In the case of electrical systems:

• Power Generation Systems: Consist generation of electrical power at power plants, from renewable or non-renewable energy sources.
• Transmission Systems: Transmit this power over long distances, employing high voltages to reduce losses in the process.
• Distribution Systems: Make sure that this power reaches every home and office, stepping down the high transmission voltages to safer, usable levels.
• Retail Electric Systems: Concerned with the final delivery of this power to the end-users, maintaining service quality and reliability.

Therefore, the various characteristics and functional roles of electronic and electrical systems clearly indicated their complementary usage in modern applications, making them indispensable to modern life.